Verilog Code Question from J1.v Papilio-Forth

[craiglindley]

Hello,

I'm a rank newbie to FPGAs and the various design languages. I've been studying the J1 forth core and pretty much understand most of the Verilog code. The following construct however has puzzled.

I understand that dsp is the data stack pointer and that it is 5 bits wide for the 32 words making up the data stack

reg [4:0] dsp; // Data stack pointer

Here I understand the data stack offset is extracted from the instruction as a 2 bit value

wire [1:0] dd = insn[1:0]; // D stack delta

This expression is what I don't understand

_dsp = dsp + {dd[1], dd[1], dd[1], dd};

Can anyone enlighten me about what this is doing?

Thanks in advance

[magnusk]

Well, not seeing the rest of the code, this looks like dd is sign-extended from two bits to 5 bits (since the most significant bit of dd is replicated 3 more times to make it a five bit value) and then added to dsp.

[craiglindley]

magnusk

I'm sure you are correct. Now it makes sense because dd is the signed data stack offset. Thanks you